In patients with emphysema, the appetite typically and the weight _____ while the anterior-posterior diameter of the chest ______.

In patients with emphysema, it is commonly observed that the appetite decreases and the weight increases. This correlation can be attributed to several factors inherent to the disease.

Firstly, emphysema is characterized by the destruction of alveoli in the lungs, leading to impaired gas exchange and resulting in difficulty breathing. This increased work of breathing can lead to fatigue and decreased energy levels, which in turn can reduce overall appetite. The body may also be in a catabolic state, where it uses more energy at rest due to the increased effort required for breathing.

Regarding weight, while it might seem counterintuitive given the decreased appetite, patients can experience weight loss due to muscle wasting, especially if they are not able to consume enough calories to meet their metabolic demands. However, in emphysema, some patients may also reflect respiratory muscle use leading to increased weight or body mass, despite decreased caloric intake, especially if they are experiencing swelling due to other comorbidities or treatments.

The anterior-posterior diameter of the chest typically increases in emphysema due to hyperinflation of the lungs. As the lungs become over-inflated with air that cannot be fully exhaled, the rib cage expands, leading to what is often referred