What is the primary complication associated with cleft lip and palate?

The primary complication associated with cleft lip and palate is aspiration. This is because individuals with these conditions may have anatomical and functional challenges that affect their ability to create an adequate seal during feeding or swallowing. Consequently, this can lead to food or liquid slipping into the airway rather than going down the esophagus, increasing the risk of aspiration pneumonia and other respiratory issues.

While malnutrition, infection, and speech delays are also important concerns for individuals with cleft lip and palate, they are frequently secondary complications. Malnutrition may occur due to difficulties feeding, but it is directly related to the aspiration risk. Infection can happen around surgical sites or in the ears due to associated structural issues, and speech delay is a common concern due to the impact of the condition on the vocal tract. However, the most immediate and serious risk lies with aspiration, as it poses a critical and ongoing threat to the patient's airway and overall health.